Important Parts of a Rolex Watch: The Movements

Welcome to our new Important Parts of a Rolex Watch series where we’ll be diving deep into what makes a Rolex a Rolex. While that Aristotle adage, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” still rings true, when the parts are as fantastic as Rolex ones, they are worth a closer look! We’ll kick things off with what can arguably be called the most important part of a Rolex watch despite that fact that most Rolex owners will never actually get to see it: the Rolex watch movement.

Different Types of Rolex Watch Movements

Over the course of its history, Rolex has used automatic movements, hand-wound movements, and quartz movements to power their watches.

While today, Rolex exclusively makes self-winding movements for their contemporary watches, it wasn’t too long ago that the watchmaker offered quartz watches (such as Cellini quartz watches and Oysterquartz watches) and manual-wound mechanical watches (such as the Oysterdate Precision and vintage Daytona chronographs).

Yet, Rolex watches are most associated with automatic mechanical movements. In fact, in 1931 the brand invented and patented the world’s first self-winding mechanism powered by a “perpetual” rotor and since then, perfecting the self-winding movement has been at the core of the company.

Sourced Movements vs. In-House Rolex Movements

Although there’s an expectation today for high-end luxury watch brands to make the majority of all their watch parts in-house, in the earlier days of horology it was not only normal but also expected that different companies specialized in different parts of the watch. Some companies focused on dials, some on cases, others on bracelets, and some handled movements.

So prior to the 1950s, Rolex also largely depended on external suppliers for movement components and bases (called ébauche in watchmaking). It was only in 1950 that Rolex introduced their first entirely in-house built movement—Caliber 1030, part of the Cal. 1000 Series of Rolex movements.

However, even if Rolex did make the Caliber 1030 entirely in-house, the brand continued to source other movement bases for particular watches. For instance, the manual-wound Daytona watches ran on Valjoux-based movements and the first generation of automatic Daytona watches ran on (Rolex modified) Zenith El Primero-based movements. It wasn’t until 2000 that Rolex debuted the in-house Caliber 4130 chronograph movement to power the Daytona collection.

Rolex Caliber Quick Guide

Rolex Caliber 10xx Series
Frequency 18,000 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
1030	1950	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Explorer, Oyster Perpetual, Submariner
1036	1954	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, GMT	GMT-Master, Oyster Perpetual Date
1040	1954	Hour, Minute, Deadbeat Seconds	Tru-Beat
1080	1955	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Antimagnetic	Milgauss
1055	1956	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date
1035	1957	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Oyster Perpetual Date, Oysterdate
1065	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Datejust Turn-O-Graph

Rolex Caliber 11xx Series
Frequency 19,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
1120	1953	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Oyster Perpetual
1130	1955	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Oyster Perpetual
1135	1955	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Oyster Perpetual Date, Datejust, Datejust Turn-O-Graph

Rolex Caliber 116x Series
Frequency 19,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
1160/1161	1964	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Oyster Perpetual
1165/1166	1965/1967	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Oyster Perpetual Date, Datejust

Rolex Caliber 15xx Series
Frequency 18,000 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
1530	1957	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Air-King, Submariner
1535	1957	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Air-King Date
1555	1959	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date
1560	1959	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Air-King, Oyster Perpetual, Submariner
1565	1959	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Datejust Turn-O-Graph, Oyster Perpetual Date
1565GMT	1959	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, GMT	GMT-Master
1556	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date

Rolex Caliber 157x Series
Frequency 19,800 beats per hour
Hacking seconds introduced

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
1570	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Explorer, Oyster Perpetual, Submariner
1575	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Explorer II, Oyster Perpetual Date, Sea-Dweller, Submariner
1575GMT	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, GMT	GMT-Master
1580	1965	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Antimagnetic	Milgauss

Rolex Caliber 30xx Series
Frequency 28,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
3035	1977	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Oyster Perpetual Date, Sea-Dweller, Submariner Date
3055	1977	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date
3075	1980	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, GMT	GMT-Master
3085	1983	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Independent GMT	GMT-Master II, Explorer II
3000	1990	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Air-King, Explorer, Oyster Perpetual, Submariner

Rolex Caliber 31xx Series
Frequency 28,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut Date	Functions	Rolex Model
3135	1988	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Oyster Perpetual Date, Sea-Dweller, Submariner Date, Yacht-Master
3155	1988	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date
3175	1988	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, GMT	GMT-Master
3185	1988	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Independent GMT	Explorer II , GMT-Master II
3130	2001	Hour, Minute, Seconds	Air-King, Explorer, Oyster Perpetual, Submariner
3186	2005	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Independent GMT	Explorer II , GMT-Master II
3131	2007	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Antimagnetic	Air-King, Milgauss
3136	2008	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date II
3132	2010	Hour, Minute, Seconds,	Oyster Perpetual 39, Explorer 39
3187	2011	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Independent GMT	Explorer II
3255	2015	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Day	Day-Date 40
3235	2015	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date	Datejust, Pearlmaster 39, Sea-Dweller
3285	2018	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Date, Independent GMT	GMT-Master II

Rolex Caliber 4000 Series
Frequency 28,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
4030 (Zenith Primero)	1988	Hour, Minute, Small Seconds, Chronograph	Cosmograph Daytona
4130	2000	Hour, Minute, Small Seconds, Chronograph	Cosmograph Daytona
4160	2007	Hour, Minute, Small Seconds, Chronograph, Countdown with mechanical memory	Yacht-Master II
4161	2013	Hour, Minute, Small Seconds, Chronograph, Countdown with mechanical memory	Yacht-Master II

Rolex Caliber 9000 Series
Frequency 28,800 beats per hour

Caliber	Debut	Functions	Rolex Model
9001	2012	Hour, Minute, Seconds, Second Time Zone, Annual Calendar Date, Month Display	Sky-Dweller

Important Components of Rolex Movements

Aside from the perpetual rotor, there are a host of components that Rolex invented to improve the performance of their calibers.

Parachrom hairspring: Introduced in 2000, the Parachrom hairspring—part of the mechanical movement’s oscillator—is made from an alloy of niobium, zirconium and oxygen. Not only is this Rolex invention resistant to magnetic fields and temperature swings, but it also remains up to 10 times more accurate than regular hairsprings when subjected to shocks. These features improve the reliability and performance of the movement. In 2005, Rolex introduced a new process to enhance the surface of the Parachrom hairspring to improve stability—which also happens to turn the component blue.

Paraflex shock absorbers: Introduced in 2005, Rolex invented the Paraflex shock absorbers to increase the resistance of its movements to shock by at least 50% while still maintaining chronometric performance.

Syloxi hairspring: Introduced in 2014 on Caliber 2236, the Syloxi hairspring—part of the mechanical movement’s oscillator—improves the caliber’s reliability and precision thanks to its silicon makeup.

Chronergy escapement: Introduced in 2015 on Caliber 3235 (and later in Caliber 3255), the Rolex patented Chronergy escapement—the component that receives the energy from the mainspring to transmit it to the oscillator in even impulses—is 15% more efficient than traditional Swiss lever escapements due to its unique geometry.

— Featured Photo and Body Photo Credits: BeckerTime’s Archive.